The current optical material considered by the industry for integrated waveguides is polymer. Polymers have many advantages:

· High stability -- thermal stability and long-term photostability. At 85℃/85 RH, welding temperature & GT; 230℃, decomposition temperature & GT; Bellcore Telecordia (1209, 1221) was tested for compliance at 350℃.

· Mature products -- extensive data on polymers, including all commonly used photoresist, have been obtained over the last 100 years;

· Utility -- features not found in other materials (such as bending radius, modulator and index optimization), as well as unique processing options (such as photography, reactive ion etching (RIE), direct laser writing, molding and printing)

Polymers also have many disadvantages:

· Unstable -- many materials have low thermal stability (POF below 80℃) and photodegradation and are sensitive to stratification, moisture and chemicals;

· Uncharted territory -- new materials require new processes, equipment and experience;

· POF loss of some polymers is 20 dB/km, while loss of optical glass is less than 0.1 dB/km;

· Polymer packaging cost is 80% of the total device cost.

Candidate materials include acrylate, haloacrylate, cyclobutene, polyimide and polysiloxane. Table 1 lists some of the most commonly used materials.

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